Compares and contrasts formative, summative, and confirmative Research Paper

Compares and contrasts formative, summative, and confirmative evaluation in the instructional design process - Research Paper Example Here, the clarity, impact and feasibility of the message and the instruction are determined. In the small group evaluation, the entire group is handed similar feedback based on grouped outcome of the successes or difficulties. This effectively addresses the instruction rather than the learners. In the field trial evaluation, the instructor uses the design and course materials already modified twice to present a full-scale instructional session. Challenges with formative evaluation are often found in feasibility matters. Students’ capabilities, instructional environment and medium greatly impact the outcome of the stage. The motivation, independence and maturity of individual students will determine the required time to complete the stage (Smaldino, Rusell & Heinrich, 2005). Summative evaluation is beneficial because it is possible to develop consistent, standardized sets of information on each learner. It also creates a justification for wide-scale decision making in education programs. Summative evaluation uses two phases to assess the worth or merit of a program. The inclusion of external evaluators is beneficial because it adds value to the evaluation and design of the learning process and materials. In the expert judgment phase, feasibility, content, design and congruence analysis are examined. In the field trial phase, outcome and management analysis are examined. It further looks at the impact on the students, job and organization. Essentially, the performance of the group in relation to the set objective is analyzed by the instructional designer in various ways (Gagne, Wager & Keller, 2005). Organizational resources and needs are aligned with the program through congruence analysis; goals are identified through content analysis; sufficiency of modules of instructional strategies is evaluated through design analysis; and feasibility analysis is in relation to the materials’ utility. Summative evaluation is challenged when it comes to balanci ng process and product measures and preventing backwards implication; anticipating the scope of positive and negative consequences of using results of summative assessment; attending to both non-cognitive and affective features of flourishing academic programs; and the information’s timeliness (Gagne, Wager & Keller, 2005). In confirmative evaluation, there is a follow up of the students after they are out of the program. It is beneficial because instructors get to know their competitive levels and how well they are making use of the knowledge and information they gain from their programs. This is a marriage of the other evaluations and programs in continuous improvement. Unlike the other kinds used at the designing and learning levels, confirmative evaluation comes months after implementation of the program (Morrison, Ross & Kemp, 2004). Endurance of outcomes, efficiency and return on investments are tested. However, the challenge is that the evaluators and students are forc ed to commit themselves to the full scope of evaluation. Identifying and including all the stakeholders, especially decision makers and activity planners, is also a problem. Question Two Formative assessment is an ongoing measurement in educational preparation aiming at the improvement of student learning. It provides information crucial in the monitoring of an individual’

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 57

Case Study Example in Blacks position, I would persistently grow the remunerations of the female directors more than a sizable long period as raising it suddenly will disturb the male managers whose pay rates ought to be unfaltering in the midst of the compass. (Yellin & E. S. 2013).  Whats more, to keep up a fundamental separation from any clear division or biases in the middle of the system of alertly extending the pay rates, it would in like manner consider conferencing the HR boss, the three female supervisors, and an in number senior from the male accomplice. While the critical part will be to enlighten them about the paid course of action change, their points of view and proposals will be investigated to bring sex value, legitimization of remuneration and fortify the solidarity that is dominant for Acmes triumph (Yellin & E. S. 2013).   Regardless, the association got into this terrible situation due to wrong presumptions, underestimation of the female workers and a startling absence of mindfulness in occupation assessment. As the president, George by and large added to Acmes accessible issue firstly by tolerating that women had working mates consequently did not require goliath remunerations, besides be conceding pay enlargement in perspective of his association with a laborer apparent through the individual arrangements general in the midst of his organization. The HR boss too much held the presumption that the female agents should be paid less since they control less gifted and competent specialists when appeared differently about their male accomplices. The area culture exceedingly affected the payment process. Whether the mate is salaried or not cannot avoid being not the bit of the master compensation game plan, but instead in Acme, the organization allowed such a supposition to drive the association into iss ues. Furthermore, considering the sheer reality that the association was encircled 35 years back when underestimation of people was the standard, and Acme was

Motivations for Plastic Surgery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Motivations for Plastic Surgery - Essay Example In her article, Balsamo (1992) note two widely pursued perceptions about plastic surgery where a section of critics perceive the practice as â€Å"technological colonization of women’s bodies† while there are those who think plastic surgery presents women with the opportunity to get â€Å"empowered† (226). Central to these two perspectives is the motivation behind the ever-increasing number of women who are willing to go under the knife in order to get what is considered a perfect body. Certainly, not all plastic surgeries are undertaken for cosmetic reasons given that there is also a large section of women who are forced by medical reasons such as breast cancer after mastectomy. One of the areas that have reported a rapid increase in the number of clients is breast surgery procedures. The number of women looking for cosmetic breast surgery has been on a dramatic rise since Timmie Jean Lindsey as the first woman underwent the procedure in 1962. Although the shape of preferred breast implants have been fluctuating depending on the societal trends of specific periods with the 1970s women preferring a teardrop shape while those of the 1990s went for the roundest breasts possible, the global number of those interested in the procedure has always been on the increase (Foster). It is estimated that in Seoul, South Korea’s capital, one out of five women had undergone a plastic surgery procedure (Conley). These figures have continued to increase even with reported health complications such as the Poly Implant Prothese (PIP) scare, which is in fact not the first one. Over the history of cosmetic surgery, there have been always been an alternative to procedures that were deemed as risky such as the 1992 US silicone scare which led to many women going for plastic surgery to prefer saline instead of silicone implants. The risks on physical health such as possible infections, chronic pains, numbness of affected areas, breakage, leakage as well as necrosis for those who go through such procedures have deterred potential clients.     

Impact of Product Price and Brand Name on Quality Perception Essay Example for Free

Impact of Product Price and Brand Name on Quality Perception Essay In ordinary usage, price is the quantity of payment or compensation given by one party to another in return for goods or services. In modern economies, prices are generally expressed in units of some form of currency (For commodities, they are expressed as currency per unit weight of the commodity, e.g. Tshs per kilogram.) Although prices could be quoted as quantities of other goods or services this sort of barter exchange is rarely seen. Prices are sometimes quoted in terms of vouchers such as trading stamps and air miles. Brand is the name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one sellers good or service as distinct from those of other sellers.Initially, Branding was adopted to differentiate one persons cattle from anothers by means of a distinctive symbol burned into the animals skin with a hot iron stamp, and was subsequently used in business, marketing and advertising. A modern example of a brand is Coca Cola which belongs to the Coca-Cola Company. A brand is the most valuable fixed asset of a Corporation. In general, the product is defined as a thing produced by labor or effort In marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a market that might satisfy a want or need. 2.0 PROBLEM ANALYSIS 3.0 OBJECTIVES 3.1 general objectives name on customer’s quality perception of product To assess the effect of price and brand 3.2 specific objectives * To assess the effect of price on quality perception * To assess the effect of brand name on quality perception HYPOTHESES Null hypotheses * There is negative relationship between price and quality perception * There is negative relationship between brand name and quality perception Alternative hypotheses * There is positive relationship between price and quality perception * There is positive relationship between brand name and quality perception LITERATURE REVIEW The consumer quality perception has been a debatable topic for the past so many years around the world; previously many researchers have studied this topic and found exploratory findings in different contexts. The central purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of product price and brand name on consumer’s quality perception of the product. The marketer must inspect the consumer buying behavior by consumer psychological behavior and social concerns (Shabbir et.al 2012). According to Kurtulus et al. (2005) the influence of consumer psychographics on their tendency to purchase retailer brands, that must be valid and reliable so the consumers are more price conscious and prefer and purchase retailer brands. Most of the consumers need convenience and quality products that strongly motivate them to buy the same product more frequently in the future (Ahuja, Gupta, Raman, 2003). Ahmad, Vays, (2011) found that the pre-decision time of consumer purchasing behavior recognized solid link with the desire purchasing Behavior of the consumers. Product price The product price factor is always been an important factor in customer/consumer buying process in every context. They always examine price and brand name information differently when they are making judgments on the dimensions of quality: ease of use, usefulness, performance, durability, and status (Brucks, Zeithaml Naylor, 2000). The marketing managers have to think broader to have a common on two factors such as capability control and strategic dynamic pricing policies (Moe Fader, 2009). The customer must be facilitated with some packages in products. Bie Chiao (2001) found that the marketing managers should highlight the service quality as well as but also price fairness in total consumer satisfaction program. According to Chang Wildt (1998) the price has its significant influence on perceived quality when it is the only information indicated available. According the study of consumer prefers to have a price and quality rather than technical aspects in durable goods (Chui et al. 2006). Brand name Another benefit of branding , from the customer view point,is its ability to increase purchase confidence and enhance customer loyality (Aaker,1991 ; chaudhuri amp; holbrook ,2001).Brands work by facilitating the the customers buying decesions process.(Doyle,1990).In a competitive market customer face hundred of products and messages competing for attention.the buying decisions are reliant on their past experience and perception about a product and his habitual buying process is associated with brand loyalty

Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System

Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System Introduction Anatomy is scientific study of the structures of the body and their relationship with each other. Physiology is scientific study of the functions of the body and how their work together as systems. Anatomy study helps in understanding the human body part structures, and the physiology study helps to know the functions of those parts that help the organism in its action performance. The knowledge on the human physiology and anatomy forms the basis of all medicine. Without knowing how the body is made up, how it can go wrong and how it works, we cannot even picture the effective treatments. Most functions of the body are not voluntarily controlled, they occur deliberately to build, maintain and endure life. Learning physiology and anatomy means that we know the general basics of medicine where disease is abnormal structure (anatomy) or function (physiology) of the humans body cells, tissues, muscles and organs, and if you understand the normal function and structure it is easy to realize the source of the problem. This assignment will identify and describe functions of the main components of the digestive system; identify cell and tissue types; identify and describe the urinary system. The resources used to complete this assignment were tutor notes, Creative Training learners manual, Tucker L. An introductory guide to Anatomy Physiology, free multimedia resources and OpenStax College Anatomy Physiology.   Ã‚   Part A (i) Identify the parts of the digestive system on the diagram overleaf. (ii) Explain the function of each part of the digestive system identified in the diagram above. (iii) Outline the composition of Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates, and explain how each of them are digested and absorbed by the body. The digestive system are system by which ingested food is acted upon by physical and chemical means to provide the body with absorbable nutrients and to excrete waste products; in animals the system includes the alimentary canal extending from the mouth to the anus, and the hormones and enzymes assisting in digestion. http://www.dictionary.com/ Digestion is important for processing food into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair. The major functions of the digestive system are Ingestion Digestion Absorption Defecation. The organs of the digestive system can be divided in to Gastrointestinal tract includes: mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Accessory organs includes: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver and pancreas (i) Identify the parts of the digestive system on the diagram overleaf. Smooth muscle- lining of the walls of gastrointestinal tract involuntary contracts and relaxes creating wave like contractions called peristalsis that helps to move food along gastrointestinal tract and helps to mix the substances. Segmentation contractions move Bolus (partialy digested food) in oesophagus. Every cell of the body needs nourishment, but most cells are immobile and their cant travel to source of food. Food and drink must be changed into smaller molecules of nutrients before the blood absorbs them and transports them to the cells through the body. The digestive system breaks down nutrients from food and drink into carbohydrates, protein, fats, and vitamins. The functions of digestive system are: Ingestion- taking food in to gastrointestinal tract Propulsion- moves the substances along gastrointestinal tract (peristalsis segmentation) Digestion is divided into: 1) Mechanical breakdown of food (chewing segmentation) 2) Chemical breakdown of food by enzymes (very efficient catalysts for biochemical reactions) produced by glands and accessory organs of the digestive system Absorption- process when digested food substances pass through walls of some organs of the gastrointestinal tract into bloodstream. Elimination- food substances which cannot be digested and absorbed are excreted as faeces. (ii) Explain the function of each part of the digestive system identified in the diagram above. The gastrointestinal tract is the main system to breakdown and transforms food into microscopic substances that necessary to maintain body cells and tissues in different areas of the body. 1. The Mouth The first of the activities of the digestive system -ingestion starts when the food is taking into the alimentary canal trough to the mouth. There the food is chewed, teared and grinded by teeth. The Teeth:There normally are 32 teeth in adult mouth and there are 4 types of teeth. Each type of the teeth has their own function in the breakdown the food. Incisors- 4 in each jaw, sharp, narrow-edged teeth used for cutting and biting Canines- 2 in each jaw, between incisors and premolars, sharp, pointed teeth used to tear food Premolars- 4 in each jaw, blunt, broad teeth with two sharp ridges used to chew food Molars- 6 in each jaw, there are similar but larger than premolars, each has a four sharp ridges used to crash and chew food. The Tongue: Muscular organ with many taste buds and receptors. Responsible for the tastes: sweet, sour, bitter and salt. Tongue moves food from tooth to tooth forming starch with help of saliva. The Salivary Glands: There are three pairs salivary gland: the parotid gland, submandibular and the sublingual gland. Liquid called saliva is secreted from glands; it contains water, mucus and the enzyme- salivary amylase. The function of saliva is to lubricate food with mucus for swallowing. It also acts to keep the mouth and teeth clean and kill bacteria, because saliva contains lysozyme and antibodies and it starts digestive process on carbohydrates adding saliva to starch. Both types of digestion- mechanical and chemical, starts in the oral cavity. 2. The Oesophagus Oesophagus is hallowing muscular tube that leads from throat to the stomach. The epiglottis (a small flap that protects windpipe) prevents from choking. Food moves along oesophagus by peristalsis pushing the bolus forward to the stomach. The lining of the oesophagus secretes mucus to ease the passage of food.   

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 Essay examples -- Disabili

The path to enacting the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is the history of the disability rights movement and its struggle to attain a better chance for equality not unlike other minority groups. The Disability community came to realize that the problem they were fighting was discrimination. The Disability community came face to face with some of the same problems and challenges that every individual who is in the minority faces. However, a disabled individual was not considered to be in a minority therefore could not be afforded the protections under the Civil Rights Act. A growing sense of unrest or change in mood galvanized and empowered the Disability community to fight for its civil rights. Federal laws that were enacted prior to the ADA gave precedent for giving disabled individuals rights as a minority group under the Civil Right Act of 1964 such as the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Fair Housing Act of 1988. The 60’s, 70’s and 80’s was a p eriod of growth for the Disability movement building its way to comprehensive disability rights legislation in incremental steps. President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) programs to assist the aged and people with disabilities. The thinking concerning programs like SSI and SSDI near the time of enactment of the ADA was that these programs created â€Å"disincentives† for the disabled to enter into the workforce (NCD). In fact in administrations beginning with President Nixon’s administration programs were targeted such as these for deregulation. President Nixon vetoed the Rehabilitation Act in 1972 and signed a weaker version of the Rehabilitation Act in 1973. It took until 1978 in the ... ....com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX2687400149&v=2.1&u=cuny_baruch&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=8cf19a43ddef5ea2cb064ded30e16f8e Gale Document Number: GALE|CX2687400149 â€Å"H.R. 2273--101st Congress: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.† www.GovTrack.us. 1989. December 1, 2013 http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/101/hr2273 â€Å"S. 933--101st Congress: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.† www.GovTrack.us. 1989. December 1, 2013 http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/101/s933 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Legislative History of Public Law 101-336, the Americans With Disabilities Act: Prepared for the Committee On Education And Labor, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, Second Session. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990. The Disability Rights Movement: From Charity to Confrontation By Doris Zames Fleischer, Frieda Zames

Death Penalty Essay

In all cultures, many situations happen where a criminal must be penalized, so that they can be trained a class, and they can quit spending criminal offenses. There are many different methods of penalizing criminals such as one is the death penalty charge. The problem of the loss of lifestyle charge has been avidly mentioned throughout record. Some individual assistance the concept of the death penalty, since they say it is only fair for one to forfeit their life if they take the life of another. Others think death penalty is not reasonable, and worry that many innocents have been punished for something they did not do. The problem of investment penalties offers with the ethical problems of many people with different views within a group. It is a vicious penalty, and many have mentioned that legal techniques should be able to develop other penalties to substitute it. Tendency is present in cases relating to the loss of life charge. Many think all civil areas should eliminate the loss of life charge. On the other hand, death penalty is being conducted to reduce crime rates and the living cost in the jail is expensive. Criminals tend to kill others according to jealously and loss of dignity. M. Radelet quoted that eighty-eight percent of the nation’s famous criminals do not believe the death penalty acts as addict to homicide. In addition, seventy-five percent of the respondents agree that ‘deaths about the death penalty distract congress and state legislatures from focusing on real solutions to crime problems.